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Access to Justice, Democratization of the Judicial Process under Article 21

Kharak Singh v. State of U.P. AIR 1963 SC 1295

ISSUE:

Whether Chapter XX of the UP Police Regulations is constitutionally valid?

RULE:

Domiciliary visits impact the right to life protected by Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Such a violation can only be justified if it is backed by law.

The infringement of the right to privacy prevents a person from expressing his or her innermost thoughts and is thus, violative of Article 19(1)(a).

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Access to Justice, Democratization of the Judicial Process under Article 21

Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration (1978) 4 SCC 494

ISSUE:

Whether the court had the jurisdiction to consider the grievances of prisoners?

What parts of Articles 14, 19 and 21 are guaranteed to a prisoner?

What judicial remedies can be granted to prevent and punish the breach of the rights prisoners are entitled to?

What amendments and changes were required in the Prison Act of 1984 to avoid a breach of the Fundamental Rights of prisoners.

RULE:

The Supreme Court referred to Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution of India that grant it the power to intervene and restore the Fundamental Rights of prisoners.

A prisoner still possesses the right to life and liberty and their freedom can only be constrained when there is a clear backing of the law.

Section 56 of the Prison Act is in violation of basic human dignity, thus, it must be trimmed and controlled by the court.

Prisoners must be protected from cruel and unjust punishment, and they must be afforded a minimum standard of living.

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Access to Justice, Democratization of the Judicial Process under Article 21

Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC 180)

ISSUE:

Whether the order for eviction was violative of Article 21 of the Constitution?

Whether the actions of the State and Municipal Corporation were violative of Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution?

Whether Section 314 of the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act that detailed the removal of encroachments from pavements was arbitrary and unreasonable?

RULE:

Article 39(a), a directive principle, states that the State must attempt to secure adequate means of livelihood for all men and women.

The right to life under Article 21 includes the right to a means of subsistence and evicting the concerned people from their homes would deprive them of their means of subsistence.

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Access to Justice, Democratization of the Judicial Process under Article 21

Francis Coralie Mullin v. Union Territory of Delhi (AIR 1981 SC 746)

ISSUE:

Whether the right to life under Article 21 is limited only to protection of limb or faculty or does it go further and embrace something more?

Whether or not a person preventively detained in a prison has any rights which he can enforce in a Court of law?

RULE:

Article 21- Protection of life and personal liberty

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Access to Justice, Democratization of the Judicial Process under Article 21

Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. UOI (AIR 1984 SC 802)

ISSUE:

Whether Article 32 of the Constitution is pulled in to the moment case as no major right of the candidates or the labourers alluded to in the request are encroached.

Can a letter tended to with this Court be treated as a writ appeal and without any checked request this Court can be moved to practice its writ locale?

During a procedure under Article 32 of the Constitution, would this be able to Court be engaged to select any commission or an exploring body to enquire into the claims made and makes a report to this Court based on the inquiry to empower this Court to practice its capacity and locale under Article 32 of the Constitution?

RULE:

Article 21 (the right to life and individual freedom)

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Access to Justice, Democratization of the Judicial Process under Article 21

Hinsa Virodhak Sangh v. Mirzapur Moti Kuresh Jamat, MANU/SC/1246/2008

HINSA VIRODHAK SANGH V. MIRZAPUR MOTI KURESH JAMAT Hinsa Virodhak Sangh v. Mirzapur Moti Kuresh Jamat, MANU/SC/1246/2008 ISSUE: Whether a short-term restriction on the production of meat would have the effect of violating the right to trade under Article 19(1)(g) for merchants engaged in that business, without such restriction being valid under Article 19(6); andWhether...

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